Decellularized Human Adipose Tissue as an Alternative Graft Material for Bone Regeneration

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Tissue engineering approaches to treat damaged bone include various tissue transplants such as autologous, allogeneic, and xenografts. Artificial materials have been widely introduced to meet the demand for graft materials, but insufficiency in supply is still not resolved. In this study, human adipose tissue, easily obtained from the human body, was harvested, and the tissue was decellularized to fabricate a decellularized human adipose tissue matrix (DM) as an alternative graft material.

METHODS: Human adipose tissue was obtained via liposuction. The obtained fresh adipose tissue sample was cut into pieces then put into decellularization solution (1% antibiotic–antimycotic solution and 1% phenylmethanesulphonyl fluoride). Lipids were further removed via treatment in isopropanol. The sample was then subjected to another enzymatic digestion and lipid removal processes. The obtained decellularized adipose tissue matrix was lyophilized to form a graft material in disc shape.

RESULTS: Decellularization was confirmed by nuclear staining methods and detection of RNA and DNA via PCR. Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2)-loaded DM showed the ability to form new bone tissue when implanted in subcutaneous tissue. In recovery of a mouse calvarial defect model, BMP2-loaded DM exhibited similar levels of bone tissue regeneration efficiency compared with a well-defined commercial product, BMP2-loaded CollaCote®.

CONCLUSION: The DM developed in this study is expected to address the problem of insufficient supply of graft materials and contribute to the treatment of bone defects of critical size as an alternative bone graft material with preserved extracellular matrix components.