Enzyme Activity and Lipogenesis Inhibition by Fermented Grain Using Natural Enzymesopen access
- Authors
- Jun, Jin-Sung; You, Ye-Lim; Byun, Ha-Jun; Han, Kyung-Hoon; Kim, Jay; Jung, Jea-Bum; Choi, Hyeon-Son; Han, Sung-Hee
- Issue Date
- Nov-2023
- Publisher
- Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)
- Keywords
- grain enzyme; enzyme-rich foods; antioxidant; adipogenesis; inflammatory response; metabolic disorder
- Citation
- Molecules, v.28, no.21
- Indexed
- SCIE
SCOPUS
- Journal Title
- Molecules
- Volume
- 28
- Number
- 21
- URI
- https://scholarworks.korea.ac.kr/kumedicine/handle/2021.sw.kumedicine/64695
- DOI
- 10.3390/molecules28217285
- ISSN
- 1420-3049
1420-3049
- Abstract
- This study aims to compare the effects of three enzyme-rich foods, including one fermented (grain enzyme) and two non-fermented foods (enzyme foods 1 and 2), by investigating their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-adipogenic properties. Grain enzyme exhibited the highest radical scavenging activity and was rich in antioxidant components, including total polyphenol and total flavonoid contents. Grain enzyme and enzyme foods 1 and 2 inhibited nitric oxide production by 27, 34, and 17%, respectively, at a concentration of 200 mu g/mL in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Among the tested enzymes, grain enzyme demonstrated the strongest inhibition on the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (INOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and interleukin (IL)-1 beta, while Enzyme Food 2 exhibited the most significant suppression of IL-6 mRNA levels. Furthermore, Grain Enzyme demonstrated a stronger inhibitory effect compared to Enzyme Food 1 and 2. Grain Enzyme decreased the mRNA expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)gamma, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP)alpha, and fatty acid-binding protein (FABP)4 by 28, 21, and 30%, respectively, at a concentration of 400 mu g/mL. In summary, fermented grain enzymes outperformed non-fermented enzymes in suppressing inflammation and adipogenesis. This study highlights the anti-inflammatory and anti-adipogenic effects of grain enzyme, suggesting its potential as a valuable dietary supplement for managing metabolic disorders.
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Collections - 4. Research institute > Institute of Human Behavior and Genetics > 1. Journal Articles
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